Reinstall from macOS Recovery

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macOS Recovery makes it easy to reinstall the Mac operating system, even if you need to erase your startup disk first. All you need is a connection to the Internet. If a wireless network is available, you can choose it from the Wi-Fi menu in the menu bar. This menu is also available in macOS Recovery.

1. Start up from macOS Recovery

To start up from macOS Recovery, turn on your Mac and immediately press and hold one of the following combinations on your keyboard. Release the keys when you see an Apple logo, spinning globe, or other startup screen.

Command (⌘)-R

Reinstall the latest macOS that was installed on your Mac (recommended).

Option-⌘-R

Upgrade to the latest macOS that is compatible with your Mac.

Shift-Option-⌘-R

Reinstall the macOS that came with your Mac, or the closest version still available.

You might be prompted to enter a password, such as a firmware password or the password of a user who is an administrator of this Mac. Enter the requested password to continue.

When you see the utilities window, you have started up from macOS Recovery.

2. Decide whether to erase (format) your disk

You probably don't need to erase, unless you're selling, trading in, or giving away your Mac, or you have an issue that requires you to erase. If you need to erase before installing macOS, select Disk Utility from the Utilities window, then click Continue. Learn more about when and how to erase.

3. Install macOS

When you're ready to reinstall macOS, choose Reinstall macOS from the Utilities window. Then click Continue and follow the onscreen instructions. You will be asked to choose a disk on which to install.

• If the installer asks to unlock your disk, enter the password you use to log in to your Mac.
• If the installer doesn't see your disk, or it says that it can't install on your computer or volume, you might need to erase your disk first.
• If the installer is for a different version of macOS than you expected, learn about macOS Recovery exceptions.

Please allow installation to complete without putting your Mac to sleep or closing its lid. During installation, your Mac might restart and show a progress bar several times, and the screen might be empty for minutes at a time.

If your Mac restarts to a setup assistant, but you're selling it, trading it in, or giving it away, press Command-Q to quit the assistant without completing setup. Then click Shut Down. When the new owner starts up the Mac, they can use their own information to complete setup.

macOS Recovery exceptions

The version of macOS offered by macOS Recovery might differ in certain circumstances:

• If macOS Sierra 10.12.4 or later has never been installed on this Mac, Option-Command-R installs the macOS that came with your Mac, or the closest version still available. And Shift-Option-Command-R isn't available.
• If you erased your entire disk instead of just the startup volume on that disk, macOS Recovery might offer only the macOS that came with your Mac, or the closest version still available. You can upgrade to a later version afterward.
• If your Mac has the Apple T2 Security Chip and you never installed a macOS update, Option-Command-R installs the latest macOS that was installed on your Mac.
• If you just had your Mac logic board replaced during a repair, macOS Recovery might offer only the latest macOS that is compatible with your Mac.

If you can't get macOS Recovery to offer the installer you want, you might be able to use one of the other ways to install macOS.

Other ways to install macOS

• You can also install macOS from the App Store or Software Update preferences. If you can't install macOS Catalina, you might be able to install an earlier macOS, such as macOS Mojave, High Sierra, Sierra, El Capitan, or Yosemite.
• Or create a bootable installer disk, then use that disk to install macOS on your Mac or another Mac.

Adding the Applet to the Panel

Once you've downloaded and installed the SSHMenu files, you start by right-clicking on the GNOME panel and selecting 'Add to Panel':

Select the SSHMenu applet from the list (the icon may not be visible if you've only just installed the files) and add it to your panel.

The first time you add the applet, it will detect that you don't have a config file and will run the setup wizard to create a default config. The wizard attempts to read hostnames from your .ssh/known_hosts file and add them automatically to your menu. This may not be possible if your system is configured to use 'hashed hostnames'. If you've connected to hundreds of servers then the import process may be quite slow and you might not want all those servers on your menu anyway. If you choose to cancel out of the setup wizard, the applet will still be added to your panel — you'll just need to add hosts manually.

If you want to re-run the setup wizard, you should first remove the applet from your panel; then remove the .sshmenu file from your home directory; and then add the applet to the panel again.

Configuring the Menu

You configure SSHMenu by clicking on the applet and selecting 'Preferences' from the menu, to display the preferences dialog:

You can organise your hosts using the 'Up' and 'Down' buttons or by dragging them into the order you want. You can put separators between related groups of hosts and you can add sub-menus and drag hosts into them.

Of course, if you chose not to use the setup wizard then the host list will be empty and before you can organise your hosts you'll need to add some ...

Adding Hosts

You add a host by clicking the 'Add Host' button which will present you with a dialog for entering the Host Connection Details:

When adding a host, the input fields will initially be blank. Fill them in as follows:

Title

This field controls what is displayed in the menu. You might enter the hostname (eg: neptune), a description of the host's role (eg: Web Server), some combination of the two (eg: Web Server (neptune)), or pretty much anything else that makes sense to you.

Hostname (etc)

What you enter in this field will be passed as arguments to the ssh command. The simplest thing is to just enter a hostname:

You can also specify a username:

And you can include options before the hostname (see the SSH manual pages for details). For example to connect on a non-standard port number with both agent forwarding and X11 forwarding enabled, you might enter:

You can also enter a command after the hostname. This command will be executed instead of an interactive shell, so when the command completes, the window will close. A common use of this feature is to login to a server and 'tail' a log file:

The output from the ssh command string can also be piped into a command which will be run locally. This is most useful for session logging:

Finally, (since version 3.14) you can use this field to set environment variables for the terminal program on your local machine (a short list of environment variables will also be propagated to the remote shell, depending on your SSH configuration). For example if your local terminal windows normally use a UTF-8 locale but the server you're connecting to only supports Latin-2 then you might enter something like this to force your local terminal program to use the legacy encoding:

Warning: If you use the 'Open all as tabs' option (described below) one terminal process will be used for all the tabs. If the first host in the menu defines environment settings, those settings will be applied to all hosts and any environment settings defined for later hosts will be ignored.

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Geometry

This field is used to specify the position and size of the terminal window. You can safely leave the field blank and your window manager will look after positioning the window for you.

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If you do want to specify position and size settings, the easiest way is to use the 'Test' button to launch the terminal, size it and position where you want it and then use the 'Grab' button to get the geometry of the window you launched. This feature uses the xwininfo command to get the geometry details, so if the feature doesn't work, check that you have that utility installed.

Profile

The profile is used to set window colours, fonts and other effects in the terminal window. This drop-down menu lists all the profiles you have set up in Gnome Terminal (i.e.: if the drop-down lists no profiles, you'll need to define them using gnome-terminal, not SSHMenu).

BCVI Forwarding

If you don't know what this option does, you can safely leave it un-ticked and ignore it. For the curious, you can read about bcvi here. If this option is enabled then instead of calling 'ssh', SSHMenu will call bcvi --wrap-ssh --

Use 'OK' to save your host definition; 'Cancel' to exit without saving; or 'Test' to try it out before you save.

SSHMenu Options

Back in the preferences dialog, you can switch to the 'Options' tab:

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The options are:

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Back up config file on save

When you save your preferences, if this option is enabled, the previous config file ($HOME/.sshmenu) will be copied to a .bak file. In the event that your config got corrupted so the applet wouldn't start, you could rename the .bak file over the main config file.

Enable tear-off menus

If this option is enabled, each sub-menu will have a dotted line at the top. Select this line to 'tear off' the menu and place it somewhere on your desktop. The main menu will not include the tear-off strip — you can always run the standalone menu command sshmenu-gnome.

Include 'Open all windows' selection

This option adds a selection to each sub-menu which will open all the host connections on that menu with a single click — each will open in a separate gnome-terminal window.

Include 'Open all as tabs' selection

This option adds a selection to each sub-menu which will open all the host connections on that menu with a single click — each will open in a separate tab of a shared gnome-terminal window.